Electronics and Electrical

(EEEL) encompass nearly all key disciplines in electrical, electronic, electromagnetic, and electro-optic materials; components; instruments; and systems, with an emphasis on metrology. The Laboratory has laboratories in Gaithersburg, Maryland and Boulder, Colorado; its annual budget is approximately $80 million. EEEL's programs encompass measurements and related research in the following areas: (1) fundamental electrical units; (2) superconducting electronics and Josephson-junction devices, quantum-Hall-effect devices, and application of single-electron tunneling phenomena; (3) high-critical-temperature and low-critical-temperature superconductors, devices, and systems; (4) magnetic materials, bulk, and thin films, including recording media and heads; (5) silicon and compound semiconductor materials, processes, and devices including power devices; (6) test structures for manufacturing control at nanoscale levels; (7) optoelectronics, including lightwave communications and sensing technology, lasers, and optical recording; (8) microwave and millimeter-wave materials, instruments, systems, and antennas, including monolithic microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuits; (9) electromagnetic compatibility and interference, both radiated and conducted, including power quality; (10) radio frequency and microwave/millimeter-wave noise; (11) dielectric materials, over a range of frequencies ranging from power system to millimeter-wave and including materials for use at high voltages; (12) electric power transmission and distribution; (13) signal processing and waveform acquisition, including high-speed, high-bandwidth electronic and optical signals; (14) analog and digital electronic instrumentation and automatic test equipment; (15) product data exchange for electronic manufacturing and virtual enterprises; and (16) metrology in support of the criminal justice and law-enforcement communities. In support of these programs, EEEL has a number of special research facilities, including (1) the Ampere-balance (watt balance) experiment leading to the " electronic kilogram " ; (2) single-electron tunneling laboratories; (3) small-and nanoscale fabrication facilities for silicon and compound semiconductors and superconductors, including molecular-beam epitaxy systems for fabricating compound semiconductor devices and for developing in situ process measurements, a low-throughput semiconductor processing research laboratory, and facilities for fabricating both low-critical temperature and high-critical